IntroductionPortland-cement-based concrete is a crucial building material in modern construction. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) the carbon dioxide emissions from cement production have not changed after an increase in 2018 and remained high in 2022 (ca. 0.6 t CO2 per tonne of cement1). Consequently, the production of cement, contributes to around 7 to 8% of the global CO2 emissions2,3. Even though energy-related emissions can be reduced by shifting to renewable energy source...