Article Open access Published: 27 February 2025 Nature Communications volume 16, Article number: 1797 (2025) Cite this article 10k Accesses 81 Altmetric Metrics details Subjects AbstractIn nature, plants convert solar energy into chemical energy via water oxidation. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, artificial photosynthesis has been gaining increasing interest in the field of sustainability/green science and technology as a non-natural and thermodynamically endergonic (ΔG° > 0, uphill) solar-...