1. IntroductionThe global demand for consumer electronics like handheld devices, laptops, computers and kitchen appliances, and the widespread adoption of electric vehicles has led to the exponential increase in the generation of electrical and electronics waste (e-waste) [1]. The annual e-waste generation reached more than 62 million tonnes per year in 2022 [2], making it the fastest growing waste stream globally. This massive volume, containing potentially hazardous materials like heavy metal...