MainThroughout the history of artificial intelligence, manually created algorithmic components have been replaced with better-performing end-to-end learned ones. Hand-designed features in computer vision, such as SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform)10 and HOG (Histogram of Oriented Gradients)11, have been replaced by learned convolutions; grammar-based approaches in natural language processing have been replaced by learned transformers12; and the design of customized opening and end-game lib...