IntroductionA rapid transformation of the energy system is necessary to keep warming well below 2 °C, as set out in the Paris Agreement and reinforced in the Glasgow Pact. Many countries have committed to achieving net-zero targets by 2050 (incl. EU, UK, Japan, Korea), 2060 (China) or 2070 (India). Net-zero targets imply mass-scale deployment of zero-carbon energy technologies such as solar and wind power, likely in combination with negative emission technologies1. However, the potential for neg...