Article Open access Published: 13 November 2024 Nature volume 635, pages 365–369 (2024)Cite this article 21k Accesses 224 Altmetric Metrics details Subjects AbstractThe ionosphere is a layer of weakly ionized plasma bathed in Earth’s geomagnetic field extending about 50–1,500 kilometres above Earth1. The ionospheric total electron content varies in response to Earth’s space environment, interfering with Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS) signals, resulting in one of the largest sources of...