By Vivek Agrawal One of the first things we learn about computers is that they only understand 0s and 1s, or bits. We humans, on the other hand, communicate numbers via the decimal system. This system uses digits from 0 to 9 along with plus and minus signs (+ and -) to denote positive or negative numbers. Since computers can use only two digits – 0 and 1 – engineers and mathematicians back in the day designed clever techniques for representing negative numbers and for doing arithmetic with them....