IntroductionOrganic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PeSCs) are a promising next-generation photovoltaic (PV) technology that has a demonstrated power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.1%1. Despite the record efficiencies being competitive with the market incumbent technology, crystalline Si PV with 26.8% PCE1, numerous challenges must be addressed for PeSCs to be realised in real-world applications. Foremost is the need to translate small-area lab-scale cells, which are often fabricated...