For robotaxis and other autonomous vehicles (AVs), the hardest problems aren’t the everyday scenarios. They’re the rare, complex situations that are difficult to anticipate and train for. Handling these long‑tail events takes more than just object detection and motion prediction. AVs must understand the situation, reason about cause and effect, choose the right action and turn that decision into a safe, comfortable path — all in real time and in a way developers can inspect, validate and trust. ...